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The role of genetics in eye diseases

The role of genetics in eye diseases

12 December 2024

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The health of our eyes does not only depend on external factors such as aging or daily habits; genetics also play a crucial role in the development of many eye diseases. The genes we inherit from our parents influence how our eyes form, function, and respond to certain risks. Recognizing the impact of genetics not only helps us better understand these conditions, but also opens the door to early detection and more personalized treatment options.

Eye diseases with strong genetic influence

1. Glaucoma

It is one of the main causes of blindness in the world, and can be hereditary. People with a family history of glaucoma have a higher risk of developing it, especially in cases of open-angle glaucoma.

2. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

This disease, which affects the central part of the retina (macula), has a significant genetic component. Variations in specific genes, such as CFH, are linked to an increased risk of AMD.

3. Retinitis pigmentosa

This inherited disorder affects the light-sensitive cells in the retina, causing progressive vision loss. Inheritance patterns can vary and be autosomal dominant, recessive or X-linked.

4. Refractive errors

Conditions such as myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism also have a strong genetic influence. Although the environment and visual habits contribute, genetic predisposition largely determines whether a person is more prone to develop them.

5. Congenital cataracts

Some cataracts present at birth or that develop in childhood have a genetic origin. These can be caused by mutations in genes responsible for the proper development of the lens.

The importance of family history

Knowing the family history of eye diseases is essential to take preventive measures. If there is a history of any hereditary eye condition, it is advisable to undergo periodic ophthalmological evaluations to detect any early signs.

Habits to counteract genetic factors

Although we cannot change our genetics, we can adopt habits that reduce the impact of hereditary factors:

  • Maintain a diet rich in antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids.
  • Use eye protection against UV radiation.
  • Avoid smoking, a factor that aggravates diseases such as AMD.
  • Perform regular eye check-ups.
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